Author: Jake Bolton

Converting Types

DateTime.FromText using format strings

let dt =  DateTime.FromText("2001-01-01T05:09:23", [Format = "yyyy-MM-ddTHH:mm:ss", Culture = "en-us"]) in dt

For format strings syntax, see: dotnet/custom-date-and-time-format-strings

Web Requests

Web.Contents without Refresh Errors

The main cause of Web.Contents not refreshing can be fixed by adding the options[Query] and options[RelativeaPath] parameters. (The UI doesn’t create them for you)

This example uses https://www.metaweather.com/api/location/search?query=london See more: Skip Test Connection

// lookup city GUID - simplified
let
    exampleUrl = "https://www.metaweather.com/api/location/search?query=london",
    Headers = [
        Accept="application/json"
    ],
    BaseUrl = "https://www.metaweather.com",
    Options = [
        RelativePath = "/api/location/search",
        Headers = Headers,
        Query = [
            query = "london"
        ],
        ManualStatusHandling = {400, 404}
    ],
    // wrap 'Response' in 'Binary.Buffer' if you are using it multiple times
    response = Web.Contents(BaseUrl, Options),
    buffered = Binary.Buffer(response),
    response_metadata = Value.Metadata(response),
    status_code = response_metadata[Response.Status],
    final_result =
        if List.Contains({400, 404}, status_code) then response_metadata
        else buffered,
    from_json = Json.Document(final_result),
    #"weather record" = from_json{0}
in
    #"weather record"

Handling Specific HTTP Error Status Codes

You can filter results based on the status code, instead of getting errors.
See more: override default error handling, and the example wait-for loop

/* web request, act based on the HTTP Status Code returned
see more:
    override default error handling: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/power-query/handlingstatuscodes
    example wait-for loop: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/power-query/waitretry#manualstatushandling
*/
let
    WikiRequest = (pageName as text) as any =>
        let
            BaseUrl = "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki",
            Options = [
                RelativePath = pageName,
                ManualStatusHandling = {400, 404}
            ],
            // wrap 'Response' in 'Binary.Buffer' if you are using it multiple times
            response = Web.Contents(BaseUrl, Options),
            buffered = Binary.Buffer(response),
            response_metadata = Value.Metadata(response),
            status_code = response_metadata[Response.Status],
            final_result = [
                buffered = buffered,
                response_metadata = response_metadata
            ]
        in
            final_result,
    Queries = {"Cat", "DoesNot Exist fake page"},
    Items = List.Transform(
        Queries,
        each WikiRequest( _ )
    ),
    ResponseTable = Table.FromRecords(
        Items,
        type table[buffered = binary, response_metadata = record], MissingField.Error
    ),

    #"Expanded HTTP Status Codes" = Table.ExpandRecordColumn(ResponseTable, "response_metadata", {"Response.Status"}, {"Response.Status"}),
    #"Changed Type" = Table.TransformColumnTypes(#"Expanded HTTP Status Codes",{{"Response.Status", Int64.Type}})
in
    #"Changed Type"

WebRequest: Wrapper with Better Defaults

You can get the full file with extra comments: WebRequest.pq

    let
        /*
        Example using this url:
            (https://www.metaweather.com/api/location/search?lattlong=36.96,-122.02)

            WebRequest(
                "https://www.metaweather.com",
                "api/location/search",
                [ lattlong = "36.96,-122.02" ]
            )

        Details on preventing "Refresh Errors", using 'Query' and 'RelativePath':
            - Not using Query and Relative path cause refresh errors:
                (https://blog.crossjoin.co.uk/2016/08/23/web-contents-m-functions-and-dataset-refresh-errors-in-power-bi/)

            - You can opt-in to Skip-Test:
                (https://blog.crossjoin.co.uk/2019/04/25/skip-test-connection-power-bi-refresh-failures/)

            - Debugging and tracing the HTTP requests
                (https://blog.crossjoin.co.uk/2019/11/17/troubleshooting-web-service-refresh-problems-in-power-bi-with-the-power-query-diagnostics-feature/)

        */
        WebRequest = (
            staticPath as text,                 // domain
            relativePath as text,               // basically use everything after ".com" to "?"
            optional query as nullable record,  // url query string
            optional asRaw as nullable logical, // use true if content is not Json
            optional headers as nullable record // optional HTTP headers as a record
        ) as any =>
            let
                query = query ?? [],
                asRaw = asRaw ?? false, // toggles calling Json.Document() or not
                headers = headers ?? [
                    Accept="application/json"
                ],

                baseUrl = staticPath,
                options = [
                    RelativePath = relativePath,
                    Headers = headers,
                    Query = query
                    // optionally toggle handling errors for specific HTTP Status codes
                    // ManualStatusHandling = {400, 404}
                ],
                // wrap 'Response' in 'Binary.Buffer' if you are using it multiple times
                response = Web.Contents(staticPath, options),
                metadata = Value.Metadata(response),
                buffered = Binary.Buffer(response),
                result = Json.Document(buffered)
            in
                [
                    response = if asRaw then buffered else result,
                    status_code = metadata[Response.Status],
                    metadata = metadata
                ]
    in
        WebRequest

Chaining Web.Contents to Merge Many Queries

    let 
        response_locations = WebRequest(
            "https://www.metaweather.com",
            "api/location/search",
            [ lattlong = "36.96,-122.02" ]
        ),
        location_schema = type table[
            distance = number, title = text,
            location_type = text, woeid = number, latt_long = text
        ],
        cityListing = Table.FromRecords(response_locations[response], location_schema, MissingField.Error),
        
        city_mergedRequest = Table.AddColumn(
            cityListing,
            "LocationWeather",
            (row as record) as any =>
                let
                    woeid = Text.From(row[woeid]),
                    response = WebRequest(
                        "https://www.metaweather.com",
                        "api/location/" & woeid,
                        []
                    )
                in
                    response,
            type any
        )
    in
        city_mergedRequest

Html.Table – Parsing with CSS Selectors

Select a Single Element: an Image, url, text, etc…

This fetches the current heading text on the blog

let
    Url = "https://powerbi.microsoft.com/en-us/blog/",
    Response = Web.Contents( Url ),
    /*
    note: normally do not pass dynamic urls like this, see cheatsheet on preventing refresh errors
    Non-tabular scraping like Images or any single elements, does not use a "RowSelector"

    This CSS Selector finds exactly one element, the Page's Header Text

        .section-featured-post .text-heading1 a
    */
    HeaderText = Html.Table(
        Response,
        {
            { "Page Header", ".section-featured-post .text-heading1 a" }
        }
    )
in
    HeaderText

Parsing Element’s Attributes

let
    Url = "https://powerbi.microsoft.com/en-us/blog/",
    Response = Web.Contents( Url ),
    /*
    The 3rd argument in "columnNameSelectorPairs" is the transformation function.
    by default it uses:

            each _[TextContent]
    */
    HeaderAsElement = Html.Table(
        Response,
        { { "Link", ".section-featured-post .text-heading1 a", each _ } }
    ),

    ElementRecord = Table.ExpandRecordColumn(
        HeaderAsElement, "Link",
        {"TagName", "TextContent", "Attributes"}, {"TagName", "TextContent", "Attributes"}
    ),

    ExpandedAttributes = Table.ExpandRecordColumn(
        ElementRecord, "Attributes",
        {"href", "rel", "title"}, {"attr.href", "attr.rel", "attr.title"}
    )
in
    ExpandedAttributes

Select Tables using your own CSS Selectors

// Docs on Enum
let
    Source = "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/dynamics/ax-2012/reference/gg841505(v=ax.60)",
    // note: normally do not pass dynamic urls like this, see cheatsheet on preventing refresh errors
    Response = Web.BrowserContents( Source ),
    /*

        Think of "RowSelector" as selecting a table row
        Then for every row, you select "columns" using the "columnNameSelectorPairs" selector
        The combination gives you a table cell.

        For more on CSS Selectors, see: <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Selectors>
    */

    columnNameSelectorPairs = {
        // column names don't matter here, since I'm using .PromoteHeaders
        { "Column1", "TABLE.table > * > TR > :nth-child(1)" },
        { "Column2", "TABLE.table > * > TR > :nth-child(2)" },
        { "Column3", "TABLE.table > * > TR > :nth-child(3)" }
    },

    t1 = Html.Table(
            Response, columnNameSelectorPairs,
            [RowSelector = "TABLE.table > * > TR"]
    ),

    t2 = Table.PromoteHeaders( t1, [PromoteAllScalars = true] ),
    FinalTable = Table.TransformColumnTypes(
            t2,
            { { "Name", type text }, { "Value", Int64.Type }, { "Description", type text} }
        )
in
    FinalTable

SQL Native Query

Parameterized SQL queries with Value.NativeQuery()

let
    Source = Sql.Database("localhost", "Adventure Works DW"),
    Test = Value.NativeQuery(
        Source,
        "SELECT * FROM DimDate 
        WHERE EnglishMonthName=@MonthName",
        [
            MonthName = "March",
            DayName = "Tuesday"
        ]
    )
in
    Test

Other

Cartesian Product

let    
    #"Add Column Pair2" = Table.AddColumn(
        Table_Pairs1, "Pairs2",
        each Table_Pairs2,
        Table.Type
    ),
    #"Expanded Pairs" = Table.ExpandTableColumn(
        #"Add Column Pair2",
        "Pairs2",
        {"Color", "Property"},
        {"Color", "Property"}
    )
in
    #"Expanded Pairs"

Details: https://radacad.com/cartesian-product-in-power-query-multiply-all-sets-of-all-pairs-in-power-bi

Using Multiple `Enter Data` Tables in One Query

You can make start with ‘enter data’, then duplicate that line. You end up with two steps, each are their own enter data

let
    Source = Table.FromRows(Json.Document(Binary.Decompress(Binary.FromText("i45WcitKzEvOLFbSUfLJrEosSgEyTJRidaKVHHNSKxJTijITgSLuqcnZ+UDaEiwTkgpS5ZtfkgGkjJRiYwE=", BinaryEncoding.Base64), Compression.Deflate)), let _t = ((type nullable text) meta [Serialized.Text = true]) in type table [Name = _t, Species = _t, Age = _t]),
    Source2 = Table.FromRows(Json.Document(Binary.Decompress(Binary.FromText("i45W8krNU9JRciotKUktSsupBLINlWJ1opWCE4sSM4A858QSIGlkDBYMSU0Bclzy04GkiYFSbCwA", BinaryEncoding.Base64), Compression.Deflate)), let _t = ((type nullable text) meta [Serialized.Text = true]) in type table [Name = _t, Species = _t, Age = _t]),
    Final = Table.Combine( { Source, Source2 } )
in
    Final

Convert Table to JSON

TableToJson = (source as table, optional encoding as nullable number) as text =>
        let
            encoding = encoding ?? TextEncoding.Utf8,
            bin = Json.FromValue(source, encoding),
            jsonAsText = Text.FromBinary(bin, encoding)
        in
            jsonAsText

Animals = #table(
    {"Animal", "Id"},
    {{"Cat", 1}, {"Turtle", 2}} ),
TableTo_Json( Animals )

Json output:

[{"Animal":"Cat","Id":1},{"Animal":"Turtle","Id":2}]

Converting a list of items to a CSV string

let
    // Converts a list of any type to text. Works well on most types
    // although to support all cases, it requires more logic
    mixedList = {4, "cat", #date(1999,5,9), 0.4},
    ListAsText = List.Transform(mixedList, each Text.From(_)),
    CsvText = Text.Combine( ListAsText, ", ")
in
    //output: "4, cat, 5/9/1999, 0.4"
    CsvText 

Functions

Using Optional Parameters with Default Values

The Null_coalescing_operator ?? simplifies default values.
encoding will be set to what the user passed, unless it’s null. In that case, it is set to TextEncoding.Utf8

let
    Read_Json = (json as any, encoding as nullable number) as any =>
        // calls Json.Document, using UTF8 by default
        let
            encoding = encoding ?? TextEncoding.Utf8,
            result = Json.Document(json, encoding)
        in
            result
in
    Read_Json

Mapping Function Calls based on Type

Caller chooses which type of conversioin to use, based on type names { date, datetime, datetimezone }

let
    // 1] get a `type` from caller
    // 2] return a difference function based on the type
    GetTransformByType = (_type as type) as function =>
        let
            // originally from: <https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/power-query/helperfunctions#tablechangetype>
            func_transform = 
                 if (Type.Is(_type, type date)) then Date.From
            else if (Type.Is(_type, type datetime)) then DateTime.From
            else if (Type.Is(_type, type datetimezone)) then DateTimeZone.From
            else (t) => t // else return self
        in
            func_transform,

    nowDtz = DateTimeZone.LocalNow(),    

    // invoke in 2 steps
    toDate = GetTransformByType(type date),
    callDate = toDate( DateTimeZone.FixedLocalNow() ),

    // create, and invoke functions
    Results = [
        asDate = (GetTransformByType(type date))( nowDtz ),
        asDateTime = (GetTransformByType(type datetime))( nowDtz ),
        asDateTimeZone = (GetTransformByType(type datetimezone))( nowDtz )
    ]
in
    Results